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Species name: Mangifera indica
Mangifera indica or Mango is a very popular fruit in India and all parts of the world. It is famous for its bright yellow color and exquisite taste. The most popular variety of Indian mango is the "Alphonso".It is a crop of great economic importance to India and is cultivated in many parts of the country.warning.png"Mangifera indica or Mango is a very popular fruit in India and all parts of the world. It is famous for its bright yellow color and exquisite taste. The most popular variety of Indian mango is the "Alphonso".It is a crop of great economic importance to India and is cultivated in many parts of the country." cannot be used as a page name in this wiki.
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Click on the tabs below to know more...
- Species identity and nomenclature
- Current Wikipedia entry
- Binomial Classification
- Morphological features
- Habitat and Geographical Spread
- Maps
- Medicinal Importance
- Cultural significance
- Commercial importance and cultivation
- Summary of PubMed articles
- Summary of NCBI molecular data
- External Links
- Images and Videos
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Names of users who have contributed to this species page | Supriyak, Gauravm | |
| Date on which this page was first created | 2010/05/29 | |
| This page was last modified on: | 21 November 2010 00:33:40 | |
| Name of the species | Mangifera indica | |
| ID on Encyclopedia of Life | 582270 | |
| Synonyms | Please check Binomial Classification section for synonyms. | |
| Common English Names | Mango | |
| Common Hindi Names | आम Am | |
| Common Indian names | आम Am (Hindi); Heinou (Manipuri); மா Ma (Tamil); Mamidi (Telugu); Mangga (Malayalam); Mavina mara (Kannada); Amba अंबा (Marathi); Ambo आंबॉ (Konkani) | Flowers of India |
| Origins/Meanings of the common names | The word Mango is supposedly derived from the Malayalam word Mangga, through the Portuguese word Manga. Mango has been cultivated for several centuries in South-East Asia.
The species appears to have been domesticated about 4,000 years ago. The species was first moved around 400-500 BC from northeastern India to east Asia; next, in the 15th century to the Philippines; and then, in the 16th century to Africa and Brazil by the Portuguese.The species was described for science by Linnaeus in 1753. It is the National fruit of both Pakistan and India respectively, it finds mention in the songs of 4th century AD Sanskrit poet, Kalidasa, prior to it is believed to have been tasted by Alexander (3rd century BC) and Chinese pilgrim, Hieun Tsang (7th century CE). Later in 16th century Mughal Emperor, Akbar planted 100,000 mango trees in Darbhanga, Bihar at a place now known as Lakhi Bagh |
Wikipedia |
Taxonomy from Encyclopedia of Life
If nothing is displayed in this section, it means the EoL ID has not been defined. Please click on Edit with form button on top and follow the instructions for filling in the EoL ID
| Scientific Classification | |
|---|---|
| Regnum (Kingdom) | Plantae |
| Division/Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Sapindales |
| Family | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus | Mangifera L. |
| Complete scientific name | Mangifera indica L. |
| Source | Encyclopedia of Life |
Taxonomy filled in form
Click here for the PDF of the phylogeny
| Taxon | Value |
|---|---|
| Regnum (Kingdom) | Plantae |
| Division | Angiospermae (Unranked) |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Sapindales |
| Family | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus | Mangifera |
| Source of data | ' |
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| Class | Taxon details | Taxon morphology details |
|---|---|---|
| Magnoliopsida | Magnoliopsida is the scientific name for dicots. This class contains about ~1,99,350 species of Angiosperms. Eudicots are a subset of Dicots. Based on chloroplast DNA sequences, the divergence date between monocots and dicots is estimated to be ~200 million years, with a 40 million years uncertainty. | Dicots are diverse in habit, with half of all the species being more or less woody-stemmed - a reflection of the usual presence of a vascular cambium in the class. Annuals, biennials, vines, epiphytes, aquatics, parasites, and saprotrophs are also well represented in dicots. Vascular bundles of the stem are usually borne in a ring that encloses the pith. Vessel elements present except in some putatively primitive woody or aquatic families. Most dicots have a primary root system derived from the radicle, although some have an adventitious root system commonly seen in the class of monocots. Cotyledons are usually 2, seldom 1, 3, or 4. Leaves are mostly net-veined. |
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Based on classification
More details can be found in the Binomial Classification section.
Morphology from Encyclopedia of Life
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| Description |
|---|
| General: The cashew family (Anacardiaceae), of which mango is a member, includes a number of species which can cause severe skin irritation in humans. Poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron), found in North America, is one particularly notable example. For most people, mango has no such effect, but in sensitive individuals ingestion of the fruit, or skin contact with its juice, may cause a poison ivy-like rash. Mango is a large evergreen tree that can reach 15 to 30 m tall. They are fast growing erect trees with slender to broad and rounded upright canopy that can be used for landscape and shade. The trees are long -lived with some still producing fruit at 300 years old. The tree is anchored by a long unbranched taproot can descend to a depth of 6-8 m plus a mass of feeder roots. The feeder roots send down anchor roots which penetrate the soil to a depth of 1.2 m and spread lateral as far as 7.5 m. The leaves are alternate, simple, leathery, oblong-lanceolate, 29-30 cm long X 3-5 cm wide on flowering branches, up to 50 cm on sterile branches. The young leaves are red, aging to shiny dark green above, lighter below, with yellow or white venation. The inflorescence is a much-branched panicle bearing many very small (4 mm) greenish white or pinkish flowers. Both male and bisexual flowers are borne on the same tree. The flowers are radially symmetrical, and usually have 5 petals, streaked with red. There is usually only 1 fertile stamen per flower; the 4 other stamens are sterile. The flower has a conspicuous 5-lobed disk between the petals and stamens. The fruit is an irregularly egg-shaped and slightly compressed fleshy drupe, 8-12 (-30) cm long, attached at the broadest end on a pendulous stalk. The skin is smooth greenish-yellow, sometimes tinged with red. The underlying yellow-orange flesh varies in quality from soft, sweet, juicy and fiber-free in high-quality selected (clonal) varieties to turpentine-flavored and fibrous in unselected (wild) seedlings. The single, compressed-ovoid seed is encased in the white fibrous inner layer of the fruit. Mangoes can be round, oval, heart-shaped, or kidney-shaped; and can weigh as little as a few ounces or as much as five pounds. Their highly aromatic flesh surrounds a very large inedible flat seed. At its best, it has a pleasant resinous quality, but at its worst can smell like kerosene. The soft pulp is juicy and sweet, although it can sometimes has an acid overtone. Some mangoes have fibrous flesh, while others are buttery all the way through. The round or oval fruit is somewhat flattened and can weigh up to 0.5 kg. The flesh of good fruit has a pleasant aromatic flavor, but inferior varieties have a turpentine flavor and can be rather fibrous. In the centre is the large fibrous flat seed containing a kernel. Distribution and Habitat: The mango is native to southern Asia, especially Burma and eastern India. It spread early on to Malaya, eastern Asia and eastern Africa. Mangoes are grown throughout the tropics, from the Caribbean to Africa, South-East Asia, Australia, as well as India, where the history of the fruit goes back over 6,000 years and closely connected to the Hindu religion. As long ago as the 16th century, mangoes had been distributed via cultivation throughout the Indian subcontinent, and eventually to all tropical regions of the world. It performs best at elevations from 0-1200 m. with a pronounced rainy season for vegetative growth, a dry season for flowering and fruiting, and on well-drained soils ranging in pH between 5.5 to 7.5. It was not until the 19th century that traders introduced the fruit to the West Indies, Africa, South America, Mexico, Florida, and Hawaii. Mangoes were introduced to California (Santa Barbara) in 1880. For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site. Click here to view the original data object Citation:USDA, NRCS. [insert current year here]. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, [insert current date here]). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Rights Holder: USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center License: [ Some rights reserved] 
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| Medium to large tree. Leaves alternate, simple, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate with prominent midrib. Inflorescence a panicle with male and female flowers in the same infl; axis reddish, shortly hairy. Flowers greenish-cream with reddish veins. Fruit a large fleshy drupe, variable in shape and size, yellow to red when ripe. Click here to view the original data object Citation:Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2012). Mangifera indica L. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 5 June 2012 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=136500 Rights Holder: Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings License: Some rights reserved
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| Trees, 10-20 m tall; branchlets brown, glabrous. Petiole 2-6 cm, grooved apically, inflated basally; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 12-30 × 3.5-6.5 cm, leathery, deep green adaxially, light green abaxially, glabrous on both sides, base cuneate to obtuse, margin entire, undulate, apex acute to long acuminate, lateral veins 20-25 pairs, midrib prominent on both sides, reticulate venation obscure. Inflorescence paniculate, terminal, 20-35 cm, glabrous to tomentose-pilose; bracts ca. 1.5 mm, lanceolate pubescent. Pedicels 1.5-3 mm, articulate. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 × ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous to pubescent, acuminate. Petals light yellow with prominent red tree-shaped pattern adaxially, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3.5-4 × ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous, recurved at anthesis. Fertile stamen 1, ca. 2.5 mm, with ovate anther; staminodes 4, 0.7-1 mm. Disk inflated, fleshy, 5-lobed. Ovary oblique, ovate, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. at anthesis; style ca. 2.5 mm, eccentric. Drupe oblong to subreniform, greenish yellow to red, 5-10 × 3-4.5 cm; fleshy mesocarp bright yellow; endocarp ± compressed. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. May-Jul. Click here to view the original data object Citation:Flora of China Vol. 11: 335, 338 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008. Rights Holder: Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA License: Some rights reserved 
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| A glabrous tree up to 15 m tall. Leaves 11-24 x 4-8 cm, oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, shiny and dark green on upper surface. Flowering panicles erect, conspicuous, longer than the leaves, pubescent. Calyx lobes ovate, pubescent on the outside. Petals imbricate, oblong, inner surface prominently 3-nerved. Drupe ± ovoid in outline, compressed, 3.5-20 cm long. Mesocarp fleshy. Endocarp (stone) hard and fibrous. Click here to view the original data object Citation:Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 19 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008. Rights Holder: Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA License: Some rights reserved
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General morphology
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| General morphological features of the plant | Mango trees (Mangifera indica L.) grow 35–40 m (115–130 ft) tall, with a crown radius of 10 m (33 ft). The mango tree is long-lived; some specimens still fruit after 300 years. | Agroforestry.net |
| Seed dispersal mechanism | ||
|---|---|---|
| Bloom type | Perennial | USDA |
| Life cycle of the plant |
How to identify this species
For a detailed description, refer to the General Morphology details above
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Type of plant | Woody (Tree/Shrub) | |
| Plant height | More than 10 feet | |
| Flower color | White | EoL.org |
| Flower shape | ||
| Floral symmetry | ||
| Phyllotaxy of leaves | Alternate | |
| Leaf shape | Oblanceolate | |
| Is the leaf petiolated or sessile? | ||
| Is the leaf simple or compound? |
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| IUCN Conservation Status | Data Deficient | EoL |
| Indian States in which the species has been documented | Assam,Andhra Pradesh,Arunachal Pradesh,Bihar,Chhatisgarh,Delhi,Goa,Gujarat,Himachal Pradesh,Jharkhand,Karnataka,Kerala,Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra,Manipur,Meghalaya,Mizoram,Orissa,Punjab,Rajasthan,Sikkim,Tamil Nadu,Tripura,Uttarakhand,Uttar Pradesh,West Bengal | Plant Database of India, Gauravm |
| Locations at which the species has been documented | ||
| Biotic zones inhabited | Northeastern Himalayas, Northwestern Himalayas, Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, Central Deccan Plateau, East Coast, West Coast, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Outlying Islands | Based on data from Plant Database |
| Details about the habitat | ||
| Is this species native to India? | Yes | HorticultureWorld,based on Popenoe 1920 |
| Is the species indigenous/endemic to Sub-Himalayan regions? | No | |
| Is the species indigenous/endemic to Western Ghats? | No | |
| Is the species indigenous/endemic to Eastern Ghats? | No |
More plants native to India
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| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Does this species have any medicinal use? | Yes |
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Other plants of the same family having medicinal use:
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| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| General types of ailments this species is used for treating | Infectious diseases, Nutritional deficiencies, Systemic disorders, Organ-specific disorders | |
| Specific ailments for which the species is used | Diarrhea, Dysentery, Urethritis, Rheumatism, Diphtheria, Scabies, Hemorrhages, Hemorrhoids, Fever, Chest pains, Diabetes, Hypertension, Toothaches | EoL |
| Medicinal systems which use this plant | Ayurveda, Folk Medicine | EoL |
| Details of Medicinal use | The twigs and leaves, used to clean the teeth, are said to be beneficial to the gums, while the bark is said to be useful for toothaches. The astringent stomachic bark is also used for internal hemorrhages, bronchitis, and catarrh.
The resin is used for cracked feet, ringworm, and other fungi, syphilis, and to induce sweating. Smoke from the burning leaves is believed to cure various throat disorders, from asthma to hiccups. Dried mango flowers, containing 15% tannin, serve as astringents in cases of diarrhea, chronic dysentery, catarrh of the bladder and chronic urethritis resulting from gonorrhea. Green fruits are considered anticholeric (baked and mixed with sugar and taken internally and also rubbed over the body), antidysmenorrheic, antiscorbutic, astringent, and diaphoretic. Roasted green fruits are dissolved in sugar water and taken internally to prevent sunstroke. Ripe fruits are considered diuretic, laxative, and unguent. A gruel made of the seeds is taken internally for bleeding piles. The wood is favored for making shovels. The bark contains mangiferine and is astringent and employed against rheumatism and diphtheria in India. The resinous gum from the trunk is applied on cracks in the skin of the feet and on scabies, and is believed helpful in cases of syphilis. Mango kernel decoction and powder (not tannin-free) are used as vermifuges and as astringents in diarrhea, hemorrhages and bleeding hemorrhoids. The fat is administered in cases of stomatitis. Extracts of unripe fruits and of bark, stems and leaves have shown antibiotic activity. In some of the islands of the Caribbean, the leaf decoction is taken as a remedy for diarrhea, fever, chest complaints, diabetes, hypertension and other ills. A combined decoction of mango and other leaves is taken after childbirth. |
EoL |
| Parts of the plant used for treatment | Stem, Bark, Leaves, Flower, Other | EoL |
| Names of some medicinal active compounds in this plant, if known. | ||
| Details of the active chemical compounds found in this plant | ||
| Is the molecular basis of the medicinal action known? | Yes | |
| Details of molecular basis of action | Mangiferin, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C2-beta-D-glucoside, is a xanthone derivative which has been proposed to have antiviral, antiproliferative and antioxidant properties. It has gastroprotective and anti-diabetic activities too. | Yoshimi2001, Google search |
| Are the toxic effects of consumption of this plant known? | ||
| Details of the toxic effects of the plant species | ||
| Have there been validation/clinical studies related to this plant? | ||
| Details of the clinical studies related to the plant species |
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Is this plant/plant-derived product used in food preparations? | Yes | User-reported |
| Part(s) of the plant used in the food preparations | Leaves, Flower, Fruit | |
| Details of use in food preparations | ||
| Does this species have any religious significance? | Yes | User-reported |
| Religions which mention/give significance to this species | Hinduism | |
| Religious occasions | Hindu Puja, Diwali | Plantcultures |
| Details of religious use |
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Is this plant cultivated commercially in India? | Yes | Gauravm |
| Uses for which the plant is commercially cultivated | Human consumption, Medicinal use, Ornamental use, Religious use | Gauravm |
| Plant parts of commercial value | Leaves, Fruit | Gauravm |
| Products where this plant is used | User-reported | |
| Description of use | Mango is used in several cooking preparations. Fruit pulp is used for making chutneys, pickles, sweets and juices. Mango leaves are used for making garlands for religious occasions in Hinduism. | Gauravm |
| States where this plant is cultivated commercially | Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh | Gauravm |
| Best period for planting this plant | ||
| Best period for harvesting this plant | ||
| Method of propagation | Seeds | |
| Water requirement of this plant | ||
| Pests and Diseases affecting this plant during cultivation | ||
| Other considerations while cultivating this plant | Major pests are mango fly, mango shoot caterpillar, mites, scales and thrips. Mango trees are also affected by mango decline, a problem associated with micronutrient deficiency. Diseases include: anthracnose, which affects fruits, inflorescences and foliage; powdery mildew on inflorescences; and mango scab . Internal breakdown of the fruit is an important problem, the cause of which has not yet been determined. Alga spot attacks flowers, young fruit, twigs and leaves. | EoL - Trends and Threat |
Pubmed Word cloud
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- If there is an error message below, it means that there is no retrievable information available on NCBI
- If the number of nucleotide sequences is less than 100, very little genomic work has been done on this species. A respectable number of nucleotide sequences is above 10000.
- Most of the nucleotide sequences may come from three sources:
- Studies on single genes, where people try to sequence genes such as some specific dehydrogenases important,say, for tannin production
- Sequences of Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer, whose sequence is used for generating molecular phylogenetic trees to establish species relationships
- Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) which can tell about which genes are present and expressed in the species at a particular time in the given tissue
| Attribute Name | Value |
|---|---|
| Rank | species |
| Division | eudicots |
| ScientificName | Mangifera indica |
| CommonName | mango |
| NCBI Taxonomy ID | 29780 |
| # of nucleotide sequences | 611 |
| # of protein sequences | 241 |
| # of 3D protein structures | 0 |
| # of genome sequences | 0 |
| # of gene sequences | 0 |
| Genus | Mangifera |
| Species | indica |
| Subspecies | |
| For more detailed information,click here
to go to the species page on NCBI |
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Details of modern scientific knowledge available for this species | On NCBI, mostly ribosomal ITS2 sequences and microsatellite marker sequences are available. Research has also focused on medicinal properties of Mangiferin, a xanthoid derivative obtained from Mango leaves. | NCBI Site search |
| Are herbarium specimen available for this species? | ||
| Institutes having herbarium samples |
If nothing is displayed in this section, it means the EoL ID has not been defined. Please click on Edit with form button on top and follow the instructions for filling in the EoL ID
| Identifier | TaxonID | Scientific Name | Source/Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 582270 | NA | Mangifera indica | Encyclopedia of Life |
| 31389 | 24944035 | Mangifera indica | IUCN Red List (Species Assessed for Global Conservation) |
| 29780 | 38827065 | Mangifera indica | NCBI Taxonomy |
| 28803 | 46207712 | Mangifera indica L. | Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| 7042591 | 48435192 | Mangifera indica L. | Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: May 2012 |
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References
Yoshimi2001 (Journal) : Yoshimi et al (2001),The inhibitory effects of mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone, in bowel carcinogenesis of male F344 rats., Cancer Lett.:163(2):163. doi={{{doi}}}
FlowersofIndia (Web): Flowers of India, Accessdate=2010-05-29
HorticultureWorld,based on Popenoe 1920 (Web): Mango entry on Horticulture World, Accessdate=2010-07-26
Agroforestry (Web): Agroforestry Entry on Mangifera indica, Accessdate=2010-06-11
EoL (Web): Mangifera indica on Encyclopedia of Life, Accessdate=2010-06-11
Mangifera.org (Web): Mangifera entry, Accessdate=2010-06-11
USDA (Web): [{{{url}}} USDA entry on Mangifera indica], Accessdate=2010-06-11
Plant Database of India (Web): Entry on Mangifera indica, Accessdate=2010-07-26